By Prof. Toyin Falola, Professor of History University Distinguished Professor Sanger and Frances Mossiker Chair in the Humanities (The University of Texas at Austin)Professor Extraordinaire of Political Science, University of PretoriaExtraordinary Professor of Human Rights, Faculty of Law, Free State UniversityProfessor Emeritus in the Humanities, Lead City University
Permit me to begin this address by commending Adeleke University for its achievements over the years. As a privately-owned university established in 2011 at Ede in Osun State, this university has made remarkable progress, rapidly expanding its reputation for scholarship and moral integrity. The university offers both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Of course, we all know that this university was founded by Dr. Adedeji Adeleke, a successful Nigerian businessman and philanthropist.
The university officially opened on March 7, 2011, with a mission statement: “to educate leaders with morals who shall influence the quality of life for others.” Dr. Adeleke’s inspiration for the university was premised on his determination to establish an institution where high moral standards are ingrained in the pursuit of academic excellence.
Today, Adeleke University has graduated students from diverse programs across several faculties. These are the Faculty of Arts (offering degrees in English Studies, History and International Studies, Religious Studies, and other humanities disciplines); Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences (comprising departments such as Anatomy, Physiology, and Public Health; Faculty of Business and Social Sciences: (offering courses in Economics, Accounting, Business Administration, Political Science, and related programs; Faculty of Engineering (providing degrees in Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering); Faculty of Law (offering a robust legal education aimed at producing competent legal practitioners); and Faculty of Science (including programs in Computer Science, Microbiology, Biochemistry, and other scientific disciplines).
Adeleke University has thrived academically and recorded many achievements since it started operation in December 2011. Some of its notable accomplishments include producing high-level graduates with excellent academic records. The university held its last convocation ceremony in June 2023, awarding degrees to a total of 612 students across various fields. Among these graduates were 537 undergraduate students, including 53 with first-class honours, 31 doctoral degrees (PhD), 1 Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.), and 39 Master of Arts and Science degrees.
Adeleke University has emerged as a citadel of learning where quality is assured. It is endowed with facilities to maintain high academic standards in teaching and learning. Despite being adjudged one of the most beautiful private universities in Nigeria and Africa, its core mandate of community development and empowerment remains a strong point. Additionally, it has attracted scholars, industry professionals, and government staff to its campus, showcasing its recognition within the university community and the wider public domain. The management of this citadel has shown a commitment to maintaining high academic standards and expanding opportunities for students and staff in research and knowledge.
Adeleke University has recorded many successes both academically and in the community, establishing itself as a university of excellent standards and committed to high-quality education. Adeleke University has made tremendous contributions to the country’s higher education system.
You, the ones receiving degrees today, are the remarkable result of no less than four years of diligence guided by these four principles:
Quality Education: This institution promotes a curriculum that adheres to international standards, enhancing academic quality with a focus on teaching and learning.
Character Development: The University emphasizes character development through all its programs by incorporating moral and ethical education into its curriculum.
Research and Innovation: The University is committed to research and innovation. It encourages and supports both undergraduate and postgraduate students to undertake research projects in all fields of discipline and present their findings at local and international conferences.
Community Service: The University contributes to the socio-economic development of its host community and beyond through the many community service projects that it undertakes.
After telling you about Adeleke University, I must talk about Dr. Adedeji Adeleke. Dr. Adeleke is a Nigerian businessman, philanthropist, and intellectual who founded Adeleke University. Born on March 6, 1957, as the first child of his mother, Dr. Adeleke hails from a noble Yoruba family. His father, the late Sir Chief Adebayo Adeleke, was a formidable and renowned businessman, philanthropist, and politician. Dr. Adeleke’s early background is very sound because he hails from a family with evident Christian and Islamic foundations, a factor that has undoubtedly aided his vocational pursuits.
I want to be sure that the students know that the founder of their university is well-educated, and they need to catch up with him. Dr Adeleke had his elementary education in Nigeria before proceeding to the United States, where he earned multiple degrees: a BSc in May 1979 from Western Kentucky University (WKU), a Ph.D. from Pacific Columbia University, California, and a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) in Electricity Management and Regulation from the University of Phoenix in 2010.
For years, Dr. Adeleke has been an entrepreneur and established himself across various economic sectors, including education, manufacturing, and real estate. He is the founder and chairman of Pacific Holdings Limited, an industrial group involved in engineering, trade, and investment. As noted earlier, he founded Adeleke University in 2011 with the aim of providing quality education and fostering academic excellence.
PART B
ADELEKE, SPIRITUALITY AND SUCCESS
I chose the theme of this lecture because it connects Dr. Adeleke, the founder, to religion, success, and service. His name stands for both uncommon genius in business and unflinching spirituality.
It exemplifies the marriage between business and religion, demonstrating that the two can go hand in hand. Many today would wish to achieve a fraction of Adeleke’s accomplishments.
In an age of moral void, the status of this institution not only tells the story of a great businessman but also provides fresh insight into how religion can help bring about monumental success. This lecture explores Dr. Adeleke’s story, showcasing a man whose religion has been the fulcrum for huge accomplishments in various area.
For Dr. Adeleke, religion is the bedrock of life. Not only is he a devout Seventh-Day Adventist Christian, but he has also built his business and philanthropic agendas on the ideology that success cannot be measured solely by money but by the number of lives one impacts meaningfully. He prays and meditates every day, and these rituals bring him clarity and mental acuity. Undoubtedly, he believes that divine guidance has played a crucial role in his business success. Before making important decisions, he often seeks spiritual guidance. This is how he reconciles the demands of his faith with running a business: his enterprises adhere to the ethical standards instilled in him by religion, and the firms he founded are driven by his zeal for the social betterment of humanity.
Dr. Adeleke is an excellent guide to intertwining spirituality and success. Lesson number one is this: hold on to your values and beliefs, especially in times of business adversity. R. Adeleke’s uncompromising ethics and strong commitment to social responsibility demonstrate the possibility of using business for social good. His pastoral style of leadership is a model for many aspiring entrepreneurs.
Dr. Adeleke demonstrates that true success is more than just financial gain. His story is a testimony to the role of faith and spirituality in enabling life and career success – based on the view that the measure of achievement is not just about what one accomplishes in life but how it is accomplished and the positive impact the person makes along the way.
PART C:
THE LINKAGES BETWEEN SPIRITUALITY AND SUCCESS
This Commencement Speech articulates the intricate relationship between spirituality and success, two concepts often seen as distinct yet profoundly interconnected.
Spirituality encompasses a sense of connection to something greater than oneself, a pursuit of meaning, and engagement in practices that foster personal growth, connection, and transcendence. In contrast, success is traditionally viewed through the lens of achieving specific goals, acquiring wealth, contributing to the community, attaining status, or achieving personal fulfilment.
By examining various aspects of spirituality — such as purpose, inner peace, ethical foundation, general well-being, and creativity — this Commencement Speech elucidates how these elements can greatly enhance one’s path toward achieving success. Integrating spirituality into the pursuit of success offers individuals a deeper sense of purpose and motivation, fostering emotional resilience, stability, and ethical decision-making.
Furthermore, a spiritual approach expands the definition of success to include personal fulfilment, harmonious relationships, and overall well-being, promoting a more balanced and satisfying life. This speech also details practical strategies for incorporating spirituality into one’s life and daily practices, emphasizing the importance of setting meaningful goals, practising faith, cultivating gratitude, serving others, and maintaining a balanced life.
In today’s modern world, the prevalent definition of “success” often revolves around tangible wealth, career achievements, or social status. Ironically, these external markers of success can lead to increased stress as individuals gleam at other people’s lives in their professional hustle.
So, in the quest for success, one could easily get distracted by chasing titles or achievements and thereby get disconnected and depleted spiritually. Many people burn out in the relentless pursuit of this conventional form of success in their quest to seek a connection to a source greater than themselves.
In essence, spirituality is an essential part of the human experience. Research consistently points to the fact that living a spiritual life can offer greater meaning and purpose to life. Spirituality could thus play a critical role in the pursuit of a balanced, fulfilling, and sustainable kind of “success.”
This speech explores the vital intersection of spirituality and success, highlighting the inherent benefits of spirituality for holistic well-being.
Defining Spirituality and Success Spirituality involves not only self-knowledge but also fosters self-growth through practices such as meditation, fasting, prayer, and contemplation, enhancing self-awareness and serving as a foundation for personal identity.
For example, mindfulness, rooted in Eastern religious practices, was reported to increase self-regulation skills and self-knowledge (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). The etymological root of spirituality is spirit. In Christian theology, spirit refers to “the vital animating essence of a person … the intelligent, non-physical part of a person; the soul.”
Literally, sportsmanship represents the spirit of sports, while fairness, equity, and justice embody the spirits of law beyond their literal interpretation. Figuratively, “spirit” is the god of all humans. Metaphorically, God is Love, and to love is to connect.
Thus, being spiritual becomes being loving or godlike. Therefore, spirituality signifies a commitment to others – humankind, the earth, and God or the transcendent. It can be expressed as affiliation with a religious or spiritual community – which means social belonging and connection.
It has been suggested that those who become involved with God or other transcendent purposes are happier in life. Apparently, greater connectedness is linked to improved mental well-being.
Perhaps the single most unique feature of ‘spirituality’ is its inherent sense of ‘seeking’ meaning in life and questioning if one is living up to that life within a social context or whether one’s life is in alignment with one’s values.
Another existential psychotherapy, called logotherapy, considers that humans have a vital ‘will to meaningfulness’ and that the ‘meaning pursuit’ makes life more ‘meaningful.’ Spirituality can be understood as transcending ordinary physical reality, often involving concepts related to the meaning or purpose of life or the world.
Transcendence implies a sense of communion with the whole or something greater. In some of its forms, transcendence implies some sense of awareness or experience of something, which can be taken to be apart from our normal, empirical confrontations with the world. Many people intuitively associate transcendent experience with feelings of beauty or awe, often described as ‘entering-in-to-oneness.’
In my experience, though, these are not necessarily features of a minor or secular spiritual experience. All the grand forms of world religions are built on the foundation that some form of “experience of God” marks one out as having passed some threshold of initiation or instruction. Examples include mystical knowledge and concomitant forms of religious praxis featured in Jewish Kabbalism, Christian Orders and Life, Muslim Sufism and Tussaud, the Hindu Rishis and Muslim Ulema, or the Buddhist Arhats and Boddhisattva.
Spiritual experiences can also be seen as moments of inspiration, where one is open to the Spirit. Hard times sometimes precede major spiritual experiences. One form of spirituality might involve experiential states that are produced by a regularly scheduled ritual activity.
Conceptualizing Success
Professional Success, Career success, as conventionally understood, is typically measured in terms of steady career progression – through promotions and salary increases, annual recognitions, and, ideally, a healthy (and hopefully annual) bonus. The motto of the U.S. department store chain Nordstrom epitomizes this perspective of employee success with a particular question: “Would you want your family to shop here?”
However, professional success encompasses more considerations. It includes personal satisfaction with one’s work, the ability to get needed time away from the job, and the fulfilment derived from helping others enjoy their work experiences.
Personal Success As individuals aspire to achieve their life goals – such as starting a family or being healthy – and engage in fulfilling or meaningful activities in their lives, they tend to pursue personal success. Those who experience such a sense of success typically have greater subjective well-being, such as ‘flow’ at work, increased happiness, greater love and compassion, and enhanced satisfaction in their relational experiences, daily living activities, and intimate experiences.
Symbolically, this sense of success is likely to be self-referenced in nature – that is, intrapersonal. It refers to one’s happiness and fulfilment rather than being more behavioural or outwardly recognized. Self-reference involves relating something to oneself, while intrapersonal is directed towards the self.
Social Success
Cultivating relationships – expanding and sustaining a network of friends and relatives and participating in recreational and community service activities – all increase the chances of social success. Social status refers to one being well-regarded and liked. The second component of mental health – problem focus – seems easy enough to define until it has been expanded and revised several times. Problem focus refers to the capacity to recognize, clarify, organize, and solve spatial and temporal problems that are relevant to social goals.
Inner Success
This is commonly referred to as inner success. It is discussed in terms of subjective well-being, inner peace, happiness, or fulfilment and is often linked with spirituality. It has an emotional core and is connected to alignment with one’s values and life purpose.
Inner success is independent of external factors and is nurtured by bringing together internal resources, including gratitude, mindfulness, and self-compassion (Neff, 2003).The Interconnection of Spirituality and Success
In turn, spiritual meaning is often the source of purpose, motivating us to exert effort toward achieving our goals. For instance, if my sense of meaning is to help others within a well-functioning society, I can choose a career in teaching or medicine. It’s not just that such careers are solely for financial gain; they represent a deeper fulfilment beyond working to get paid. It is important to state here that the notion of “meaning” has also been found by Damon, Menon, and Bronk in their 2003 work, which relates to greater motivation and goal striving.
Spirituality confers resilience and inner equilibrium. Those spiritual practices – which keep people’s centre of gravity focused on the present moment (rather than dwelling on the past or worrying about the future) – allow them to better marshal their existing natural capacity for emotional resilience and inner equilibrium in the face of anxiety, stress, and change.
Across Asian and Western societies, lower stress and higher well-being rates among those who regularly engage in spiritual pursuits suggest a significant connection between spirituality and health – a link strong enough to score recent studies on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs highly favourable. Participants praise these programs for their positive impact on their mental health. For instance, a review of thirty-one studies examining the use of spirituality in the treatment of anxiety and depression reported better mental health for people in both treatment settings when compared with control groups.
Indeed, ethics forms its foundation. Accordingly, most spiritual traditions advocate values such as honesty, integrity, compassion, goodwill, and service to others. These values serve as strong pillars of good ethical practices, guiding people’s conduct, which, as noted above, helps them make better choices with the moral relationships that they have with others to foster flourishing personal and working relationships.
Companies and organizations built with a sense of embedded social responsibility are also more likely to become better known and be more sustainable in the long run (Porter; Kramer, 2011). Similarly, ethical leadership has also been linked with higher levels of employee and organizational satisfaction (Brown, 2006; Brown, Treviño, 2006). It represents holistic success.
A spiritual perspective offers “a wider script of success: for it (does) extend our nature to the dimension of human development itself…” When we adopt this integrated model of success, we are guided toward a broader and elevated outlook on life, not merely measured by narrow and lower standards, not solely by wealth, but by the richness of life; not just by success, but by meaningful achievements; not just by prominence, but by the depth of individuality; not just by longevity, but by the enduring meaningfulness of life; not just by popularity, but by the beauty of friendships; not just by scope, but by the radiance of community; not just by increased revenues, but by the fulfilment found in meaningful work.
In their paper, “The Dirt on Success” (1996), influenced in part by findings from psychologists Tim Kasser and Edward Deci’s 30-year longitudinal study with children, they found that individuals who pursued intrinsic goals (that is, relating to internal goods such as personal growth, relationships, and community service) were happier than those pursuing extrinsic goals (focused solely on the accumulation of wealth and fame).
Spirituality also fosters greater creativity and intuition. These qualities facilitate the generation of new ideas and innovative efforts crucial for achieving success in both corporate endeavours and other aspects of one’s life. For example, research indicates that practices like meditation lead to a boost in “cognitive flexibility and creativity.”
Meditation has been found to promote divergent thinking – an essential aspect of creative problem-solving and innovative thinking. Meditation specifically (and a particular subtype of meditation referred to as open-monitoring meditation – mindful, non-judgmental observation of whatever thoughts, sensations, or emotions occur while meditating) enhances what is known as divergent thinking, which sheds light on what might be considered the heart of creative thinking.
Studies such as Colzato et al. (2012) demonstrate that open-monitoring meditation improves scores on divergent thinking.Incorporating Spirituality into Daily LifeRegardless of how you define ‘spirit” in your spirituality or what matters most to you, regardless of your religious affiliation, beliefs, or values, I come to you with recommendations focused primarily on prayer, fasting, and meditation.
Firstly, meditation promotes deeper thinking, enhances attention, reduces stress, and improves the well-being of the emotional life. These practices are easily applicable and adaptable, integrating seamlessly into our everyday activities and schedules.
What do I mean by this? Here, I describe some practices: mindful breathing, mindful eating, and body-scan meditation. Reviews of these practices consistently show that they can influence our attentional process, leading to reduced stress and improved emotional regulation.
The second recommendation is gratitude. Practising gratitude involves starting a ‘gratitude journal’ – writing down what you are grateful for. Such positive exercises are known to have a better attitude toward life. There is evidence that practising a daily “attitude of gratitude” can lead to higher life satisfaction and lower symptoms of depression.
The third recommendation involves setting meaningful goals. Value-based goals help individuals, especially youth, generate goals that align with their core values and broader life purposes. Spirituality provides a context for defining success, integrating life’s various domains in pursuit of something much bigger than material success.
Regardless of one’s worldview, spirituality provides purpose, ethical guidance, and a pathway to personal growth, all of which contribute to a successful, meaningful existence.Dear students, here are the key dimensions of success when integrating spirituality:
- Career Accomplishments
Professional growth and career goals, including advancement and other career achievements, remain central. However, spirituality at work entails aligning one’s career with personal values and purpose in life (Fry, 2003). Getting a promotion or award can be regarded not only as a personal success but also as an opportunity to contribute positively to the broader world (Reave, 2005). Starting or managing a successful business or professional practice can be guided by ethical standards and a commitment to service (Tischler, 1999). - Financial StabilityAcquiring wealth and possessions remains important, but broader perspectives equate the accumulation of resources with making philanthropic use of money for social causes, charities, and not-for-profit organizations (Zohar Marshall, 2000). Achieving financial independence goes hand in hand with a commitment to and responsibility towards others (Kasser 2002), emphasizing conscientious consumption.
- Educational AttainmentAdvanced degrees and certifications are to be pursued – and prized – with an emphasis on education as a ‘voyage of self-discovery’ (Palmer, 1998). We should think of continuous learning as “learning about the world and about oneself” in a way that creates the basis for “wise and compassionate action” (Tisdell, 2003).
- Personal DevelopmentAchieving personal goals includes working towards spiritual growth, such as cultivating compassion, mindfulness, and inner peace, alongside developing skills and hobbies that nourish the soul and bring joy for oneself, as well as for our external successes. Physical health is enhanced through bodily practices that incorporate mental and spiritual dimensions, such as meditation.
- Social and Family Relationships
Spiritual activities strengthen close relationships with family and friends, leading to greater intimacy and mutual awareness (Cohen & Willis, 1985). Spiritual involvement in the community is rooted in service and sympathy, with voluntary activity seen as a spiritual calling (Putnam, 2000). Self-care recognizes the importance of personal spiritual activities and reflection in balancing work and family (Covey, 1989).
Achievements and Recognition
Awards and honours are certainly appreciated and celebrated, but always with a simultaneous sense of humility and “thanks to” rituals. Successes are rarely independent and typically arise from collaborations.
This makes peer and leadership recognition a delightful opportunity to praise others as well (Cashman, 1998).
Innovations and Contributions
Technological, scientific, or artistic innovations are evaluated in terms of their potential to serve humanity and contribute to the common good. Knowledge is at the service of helping people and easing their burdens (Miller. 2000).
Developing products or services that enhance human well-being reflects a spiritual commitment to alleviating suffering and enhancing human success (Schumacher, 1973). Pioneering technological and scientific research, along with breakthrough discoveries, is motivated by a desire to deepen understanding and unity with the natural world (Capra, 1982).
Youths: Spirituality and Success Incorporating spirituality into the framework of success provides a more comprehensive understanding that encompasses both external achievements and internal fulfilment.
Cultivating an attitude of gratitude involves practising regular “gratitude journaling” (writing down the positive experiences each day). Such exercises have been linked to more positive attitudes towards life. More importantly, this outlook is associated with more flourishing living. Research has shown that keeping daily “attitudes of gratitude” will result in greater life satisfaction and a decrease in symptoms of depression.
Invoking spirituality also helps us see success in more holistic, integrated terms, acknowledging the complex connections between a person’s material achievements and their inner life. Spirituality moves us beyond material concerns toward a deeper sense of meaning, purpose, ethical sensitivity, and health, all crucial to a balanced and worthwhile life.
Let this be the way we think about success when we bring spirituality into the picture. Balancing the idea of success with spirituality draws a fuller picture, one that reflects both outer and inner accomplishments.
Advice to Nigerian Youth Regarding Spirituality and Success
Spirituality and success are two components of life that shape individual growth. In Nigeria, a country renowned for rich cultural and religious diversity, grasping the connection between spirituality and success can pave the way for achievement in life, particularly among the youth, since these twin activities are intertwined and linked by some strong points in human life.
Let me share insights drawn from my perspective, which I believe will not just serve as a pointer to Nigerian youths in their quest for spirituality but also an informative resource in balancing spirituality with their quest for success. Spirituality is commonly defined as a sense of connectedness with something bigger than oneself, often centred around understanding one's purpose on Earth. One can experience spirituality within an organized religion or independently. Success, however, is more often about reaching personal goals, such as attaining a certain degree of financial security, professional achievement, and personal satisfaction.
Notwithstanding, it is important to recognize that the concept of success varies widely among different people. When you leave this place with your degrees in hand, you must live a purpose-driven life. Spirituality will give you a direction to define what your purpose is.
Dedicate time daily for prayer and meditation because if you do not think about your spirituality, you may not know where your direction is. You must prepare yourself to persevere; if you stumble today, you must rise stronger tomorrow.
You start all over, and you go quicker than before. You must strengthen yourself through prayer, meditation, mosque attendance, and church service. There are challenges ahead. In difficult times, religion offers solace by imbuing life with significance and meaning, suggesting that everything happens for a reason and under the direction of a divine entity.
Religion can also serve as a means of helping to cope with trauma by addressing things that seem awry. As the psychologist Kenneth I Pargament wrote in The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice (1997), people may feel more religious when stress stems from the gap between their life and the life ideal as defined by their religion.
Deviation from the religious ideal, such as violating a commandment of God, being disrespectful to God, losing one’s hope in God, or angering God, may explain why religious individuals become even more religious in adversity.
This aligns with psychological theories about how we cope with stress and adversity: humans have different psychological needs, and when fundamental needs are not being met, stress accumulates. Religion can thus be an approach to cope with those needs and reduce our stress, akin to other approaches to dealing with adversity.
At these times, we reach out, grabbing at something that we hope will help us navigate the hard times, and sometimes, the grab fails us. Pargament notes that incongruent worldviews can sometimes exacerbate adversity. This discord arises from the mismatch between one’s view of the self and the world around you (incongruent worldviews).
In the latter part of the 20th century, there was a shift towards a focus on reward and related coping from drugs, which was a significant contribution to the science of addiction.
We live in a corrupt society, but that does not mean we have to succumb to corruption. It is crucial to cultivate an ethical and moral sense (and value).Much of what we associate with spirituality is prescriptive: it is a code of conduct or set of values that can help us to be guided in making decisions, ensuring that our actions, whether in the workplace or elsewhere, are carried out ethically and morally – in a way that is perhaps better captured by the words” integrity” and” honesty”.
Based on my research and experience, here are some specific ways to integrate spirituality with success.
Firstly, reduce anxiety about the future by focusing on present opportunities for personal and collective growth. Stay engaged in everyday beauty, gratitude, and kindness and in the moments of hard work that bind us together —that is what keeps us happy and moving forward.
Secondly, stay grounded within your limits; take frequent pauses during the day to be grounded, grateful, and focused. Taking a few deep breaths is a good quick strategy that can improve your focus, positivity, and stress management.
Thirdly, grab opportunities as they come up. Sometimes, it is a really good mystery how the support will come to you. Sometimes, it might appear that an impossible situation will turn out for the better. Guide those around you towards holistic growth – whether children, employees, or community members.
Fourthly, set clear goals with spiritual alignment. Yearn for the spiritual nourishment on which your soul can thrive – namely, goodness, truth, and beauty –to live a more fulfilling and balanced life. Develop a daily spiritual routine.
Each day, you need a little spiritual program – do something (pray or engage in meditation or spiritual readings) without schedules or deadlines. If done regularly, self-reflection will render you warier of your mind’s tendencies and help you to analyze your behaviour so that it brings you closer to the goals of the spiritual life: harmonizing materialism and spirituality, resisting peer pressure, and maintaining consistency in spiritual practices.
Turning to religion and personal values is a way of venturing beyond oneself into this unpredictable world that is no longer constrained by the predictable safety of your home. During this period of identity formation – this identity formation is at least in part a set of values – spirituality is quite adaptive as a solution to gain meaning during an identity crisis.Engaging in spiritual activities or participating in a spiritual community serves as a scaffold for constructing identity and reinforcing personal boundaries. Research supports the idea that individuals who display stronger spirituality exhibit greater identity coherence and more positive self-perception, including measures of extraversion.
●Part two of the commencement lecture is to be published under “The Adeleke Model”
